Pigeons and doves are commonly confused as being the same bird, however there are some key differences between them. Both belong to the same family of birds, Columbidae, but they are separate species within that family. The terms “pigeon” and “dove” are often used interchangeably, leading to the misconception that they are the same. While they share some similarities in appearance and behavior, there are distinctive features that set pigeons and doves apart. Examining their physical characteristics, historical background, symbolic representations, and taxonomic classification can clarify the distinction between these two types of birds.
Physical Differences
The most noticeable physical difference between pigeons and doves is their size and proportions. Pigeons tend to be larger-bodied than doves, with thicker necks and chunkier profiles. Doves are generally slimmer and smaller, with more tapered silhouettes.
| Feature | Pigeons | Doves |
|---|---|---|
| Size | 12-16 inches long | 9-13 inches long |
| Weight | 4.6-13.4 oz | 3.0-6.1 oz |
| Body Shape | Stocky and thick | Slim and slender |
| Neck | Thick and short | Thin and tapered |
In addition to their overall size and build, pigeons and doves differ subtly in coloring and pattern details. Pigeons tend to have more complex and variable coloring, with iridescent neck feathers and patterns across their wings and bodies. Doves usually have soft, uniform, pastel-like plumage without the same iridescence and marking complexity seen in pigeons. However, there is some overlap in colors between the two groups.
Behavioral Differences
Pigeons and doves also exhibit some general behavioral differences, though there are exceptions in both groups. Pigeons are well adapted to urban environments and have flourished in close proximity to humans. City-dwelling pigeons are very social and often gather in large flocks. Doves are more likely to be found in rural settings and are less communal, usually seen alone or in pairs.
Pigeons tend to walk using a characteristic bobbing motion of their heads that distinguishes them from doves, which have smoother head motions. Doves often fly in a slower, more fluttering manner compared to the faster, direct flight style of pigeons. Vocalizations also differ, with doves making softer, mournful coos and pigeons emitting louder, harsher growls and whines. However, behavior is not a completely reliable indicator since both groups share many traits like perching, nesting, and diet.
Symbolic Significance
Culturally, the dove has historically symbolized peace, love, and devotion. It is portrayed Biblically as a messenger from God and represents purity in Christianity. Pigeons have not inherited the same symbolic meaning, though messenger pigeons played a vital communication role in wartime through the ages.
In modern usage, calling someone a “dove” implies they are an advocate for diplomacy, while “pigeon” can refer to someone easily fooled or cheated. Calling someone a “stool pigeon” indicates they informed authorities on illegal activities. The dove is universally portrayed as graceful and gentle, while the pigeon suffers from a reputation as a dirty city pest.
Taxonomic Classification
From a taxonomic perspective, pigeons and doves belong to the same avian family Columbidae but reside in separate genuses. The family consists of over 300 species of pigeons and doves. The common city pigeons most people think of belong to the genus Columba while typical doves are in the genus Zenaida:
| Genus | Notable Species |
|---|---|
| Columba | Rock pigeon, common wood pigeon, Eurasian collared dove |
| Zenaida | Mourning dove, passenger pigeon (now extinct) |
Within the Columba genus, there is a species known as the domestic pigeon that has been bred selectively into many different color varieties and body types, including a white variant. Thus, a white pigeon is still taxonomically a Columba pigeon, not a Zenaida dove.
Conclusion
While both birds stem from the Columbidae family and overlap in some characteristics, pigeons and doves are considered separate types of birds. Doves tend to be smaller and slimmer than their chunkier pigeon cousins. Their feathers, flight patterns, environmental preferences, and cultural symbolism also differ. Taxonomically, pigeons belong to the genus Columba while typical doves are Zenaida. A white pigeon is still classified as a pigeon, not a dove. The peaceful dove represents love, while the city pigeon suffers from a scrappy reputation. But they are both amazing members of the diverse Columbidae family with unique qualities and traits.
