There are thousands of different species of butterflies in the world, each with unique characteristics and adaptations. However, we often only see the most common butterflies in our gardens and parks. Here we will look closer at 6 of the most popular and recognizable butterflies. Understanding the different types of butterflies can help us appreciate the diversity of the natural world.
Monarch Butterfly
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is perhaps the most famous butterfly in North America. Here are some key facts about this iconic insect:
| Scientific Name | Danaus plexippus |
| Wingspan | 3.5 – 4 inches (8.9 – 10.2 cm) |
| Identifying Features | Bright orange wings with thick black veins and white spots along the edges |
| Range | Throughout North America, winters in central Mexico and California |
| Host Plants | Milkweed species |
| Lifespan | 2 – 6 weeks (also known for long migrations) |
The monarch butterfly is famous for its long annual migrations from Canada and the United States to overwintering grounds in Mexico and coastal California. Their bright orange and black coloring acts as a warning to predators that they are poisonous after feeding on milkweed. Recently, monarch populations have declined due to habitat loss, use of pesticides, and climate change. Conservation efforts are underway to protect and restore habitats across their range.
Painted Lady Butterfly
The painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) is one of the most widespread butterflies, found on every continent except Antarctica and South America. Key facts include:
| Scientific Name | Vanessa cardui |
| Wingspan | 2 – 3 inches (5 – 7.5 cm) |
| Identifying Features | Orange and black wings with white and blue spots |
| Range | Worldwide, can be found anywhere except South America and Antarctica |
| Host Plants | Thistles, mallows, legumes |
| Lifespan | 2 – 4 weeks |
The painted lady butterfly can migrate long distances and is sometimes seen in large numbers when populations explode and move northward. Their caterpillars feed on a variety of host plants, allowing them to thrive in many environments. This adaptability contributes to their extensive range around the world.
Swallowtail Butterfly
There are over 550 species of swallowtail butterflies divided into multiple genera. Here are some details on these large, colorful butterflies:
| Scientific Name | Family Papilionidae, genera Papilio, Battus, etc. |
| Wingspan | 2.5 – 4.5 inches (6.5 – 11.5 cm) |
| Identifying Features | Generally have elongated ‘tails’ on hindwings; bright yellow, orange, black coloring |
| Range | Worldwide, most diverse in tropics |
| Host Plants | Varies by species – citrus, carrots, rutaceae family |
| Lifespan | 3 – 8 weeks depending on species |
These large butterflies get their common name from the tailed hindwings that are a feature of many species. They use chemical defenses from their host plants to deter predators. Many species have striking yellow and black patterns. Well-known swallowtails in North America include the eastern tiger swallowtail, spicebush swallowtail, and pipevine swallowtail.
Red Admiral Butterfly
The red admiral butterfly (Vanessa atalanta) is commonly seen across Europe, North Africa, and North America:
| Scientific Name | Vanessa atalanta |
| Wingspan | 2.5 – 3 inches (6 – 7.5 cm) |
| Identifying Features | Black wings with orange-red bands and white spots near wingtips |
| Range | Europe, North Africa, North America, western Asia |
| Host Plants | Nettles, hops, pellitory |
| Lifespan | 1 – 2 months |
The red admiral is known for its distinctive orange, white and black pattern. It has a subtle migration pattern, moving southwards in autumn and northwards in spring, sometimes recolonizing more northerly areas each year. While its population is currently stable, it faces threats from habitat loss and pesticides.
Mourning Cloak Butterfly
The mourning cloak butterfly (Nymphalis antiopa) can be identified by its dark maroon and black wings:
| Scientific Name | Nymphalis antiopa |
| Wingspan | 2.5 – 4 inches (6 – 10 cm) |
| Identifying Features | Chocolate brown wings edged with yellow; blue spots on underside of wings |
| Range | North America, Europe, Asia |
| Host Plants | Trees such as willow, elm and birch |
| Lifespan | 10 – 11 months – one of longest-lived butterflies |
The mourning cloak is notable for overwintering as an adult butterfly and having one of the longest lifespans of any butterfly. It has evolved to blend in against tree bark when its wings are closed. Populations of this species remain relatively stable.
Cabbage White Butterfly
The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) is a notorious agricultural pest. Here are some key details:
| Scientific Name | Pieris rapae |
| Wingspan | 1.5 – 2.5 inches (4 – 6 cm) |
| Identifying Features | White wings with black spots on tips; gray underside to wings |
| Range | Europe, Asia, North Africa; introduced to North America, Australia |
| Host Plants | Cabbage, kale, broccoli – other brassicas |
| Lifespan | 2 – 4 weeks |
The cabbage white butterfly was accidentally introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand in the 1800s, likely as cabbage crop stowaways. Their caterpillars are considered major agricultural pests of brassica vegetable crops. They produce multiple generations per year and populations can explode rapidly.
Conclusion
While there are thousands of butterfly species, some of the most recognizable and common in many parts of the world include the monarch, painted lady, swallowtails, red admiral, mourning cloak, and cabbage white. Each species has adapted to feed on specific host plants, avoid predators, and survive in particular environments and climates. Understanding more about the natural history and characteristics of different butterflies can give us a greater appreciation for these beautiful and intricate insects that play important roles in the ecosystem. Paying attention to the diversity of butterflies in our communities and landscapes allows us to monitor environmental health and change over time. The conservation of natural habitats will give butterflies the resources and protection they need to thrive.
