The hair color that is a mix of brown and red is commonly referred to as “auburn” hair. Auburn hair is characterized by strands that have a reddish-brown hue with the tips being slightly lighter. This hair color results from having a blend of brown eumelanin and red pheomelanin pigments in the hair. The ratio of these two pigments can vary from person to person, resulting in different shades of auburn hair. While less common than brown or blonde hair, auburn hair is seen in individuals originating from Northern and Western Europe as well as some parts of North Africa. The term “auburn” comes from the old French word “alborne” which meant blond or reddish-brown. Let’s explore the science behind this unique hair color and how it develops in certain individuals.
The Pigments That Create Auburn Hair
Human hair gets its color from two types of melanin pigments produced by melanocytes:
– Eumelanin – This pigment ranges from black to brown in color. Higher levels result in darker brown or black hair.
– Pheomelanin – This pigment creates red and blonde hues. Higher concentrations lead to redder hair tones.
Auburn hair contains a mixture of brown eumelanin and red pheomelanin. The ratio of these two pigments can vary, resulting in different shades of reddish-brown. Those with more pheomelanin will have hair appearing more evidently red. When there is more eumelanin than pheomelanin, the auburn shade will lean closer to a dark brown rather than red hue.
Genetics Behind Auburn Hair
Genes play a major role in determining someone’s hair color. Specific variants in key genes can dictate the production of melanin pigments and lead to auburn hair. Some of the main genetic factors include:
– MC1R Gene: This codes for the melanocortin 1 receptor which controls pigment production. Certain variations in this gene reduce eumelanin synthesis and increase pheomelanin production, leading to redder hair. These variants are common in individuals of Northern European descent.
– ASIP Gene: Controls expression of the agouti signaling protein, which influences the type of melanin made. Variants linked to pheomelanin production can result in auburn hair.
– TYRP1 Gene: Involved in eumelanin production. Mutations can limit the amount of brown pigment made, allowing the red pheomelanin to show through more.
– OCA2 Gene: Plays a role in melanin synthesis. Changes in this gene can reduce overall melanin content, resulting in lighter auburn shades.
In addition to genetic factors, age also impacts hair color. Auburn hair often emerges in childhood or early puberty. As individuals age, the ratio of pigments may change with eumelanin increasing and pheomelanin decreasing. This can cause auburn hair to darken or take on a more brown appearance over time.
Prevalence of Auburn Hair Worldwide
Auburn hair is classified as a reddish brown hair color with various shades. Its prevalence differs among populations worldwide:
| Region | Prevalence |
|---|---|
| Northern Europe (e.g. Scotland, Ireland) | 8-10% |
| Central/Western Europe | 2-4% |
| Southern Europe | 1-2% |
| North Africa (e.g. Morocco, Algeria) | 5-10% |
| United States | 2-4% |
This table summarizes the estimated prevalence of natural auburn hair in different world regions. The highest frequencies are seen in areas of Northern Europe, especially Scotland and Ireland where up to 10% of the native population has some variation of auburn hair. Lower rates occur in Southern Europe and other parts of the world. The genetics of local populations, mixing of gene pools, and environmental factors can all influence geographical differences in auburn hair occurrence.
Impact of Environment and Nutrition
Although genetics play the dominant role, some environmental and nutritional factors may also influence auburn hair color. These include:
– Sun exposure – Prolonged sunlight can cause oxidative stress and lower melanin production. This may gradually lighten auburn hair over time.
– Smoking – Chemicals in smoke are thought to damage DNA and may interact with follicles to alter hair pigments.
– Medications – Certain drugs like antidepressants, beta blockers, or NSAIDs may temporarily affect pigment synthesis.
– Low iron or vitamin D – Deficiencies in these nutrients important for hair growth could potentially impact melanin levels.
– Chlorine/chemicals – Swimming or use of chemical hair treatments can strip away pigments and cause fading over time.
While most of these environmental factors lead to gradual lightening or loss of vibrancy in auburn hair, in some cases nutrients like iron or vitamins may help augment melanin production. However, nutrition likely plays a minor role compared to genetics.
Auburn Hair Care Tips
Having auburn hair comes with some unique hair care needs. Here are some tips for maintaining strong, healthy, vibrant auburn hair:
– Use sulfate-free shampoos – Avoid harsh sulfates that can dry out hair and cause fading of color.
– Wash less frequently – Limit washing to 2-3 times per week maximum to retain moisture and oils that give shine.
– Rinse with cool water – Hot water opens cuticles causing the loss of pigments. Rinsing hair in cool water helps lock in color.
– Apply sunscreen – Protect hair from UV rays which can bleach pigments and cause brassiness.
– Use color protecting products – Look for formulas with ingredients like jojoba, vitamin E, and UV filters that prolong color.
– Get regular trims – Trim split ends which fade faster and remove brassiness. Keep hair healthy.
– Use a conditioning mask – Nourish and moisturize hair once a week to prevent dryness and breakage.
Following a tailored hair care routine helps keep auburn hair looking its best! Consult a stylist for product recommendations suited to your individual hair needs.
Dyeing Hair Auburn
While auburn hair is mostly genetic, some people opt to dye their hair this distinctive reddish-brown shade. Here’s a quick guide:
– Light base – Best starting point is light blond or bleached hair. Auburn won’t lift dark hair.
– Warm up tone – Pre-colour with orange/red tone to avoid unexpected results interacting with base color.
– Professional dye – Seek a stylist to achieve authentic natural auburn shades. Box dyes tend to appear unnaturally red.
– Gradual lightening – May need multiple sessions to lift hair light enough, with touch-ups. Patience is key.
– Maintenance – Colour treated hair needs extra conditioning and protection. Expect faster fading than natural auburn hair.
When done properly, dyeing can create stunning auburn hues. But maintaining it requires diligent aftercare and regular re-colouring every 4-6 weeks. Talk to a colourist for personalized guidance.
Conclusion
Auburn hair is an intriguing genetic trait resulting from a balance of brown eumelanin and red pheomelanin pigments. Prevalence is highest in those of Northern European descent, but shades can vary anywhere from strawberry blond to light brown. While largely genetic, environment, aging, and haircare practices can all impact the ratio of pigments and intensity of auburn colors. With the right methods and products, natural or dyed auburn hair can look healthy, glossy, and vibrant. Embracing the uniqueness of this eye-catching hair color can be fun for those looking to enhance their natural features.
