Hummingbirds are some of the most remarkable and captivating birds in the world. Known for their speed, maneuverability, and unique hovering ability, hummingbirds have fascinated people for centuries. But what exactly is the scientific name for these tiny birds, and what does it tell us about their classification and evolution?
The Family Name Trochilidae
All hummingbirds belong to the taxonomic Family Trochilidae. This family name was first established in 1825 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot, based on analysis of the unique anatomical and behavioral characteristics shared by hummingbird species. There are over 300 different species of hummingbirds in the world today, all of which belong to this single family.
The name Trochilidae is derived from the Greek word “trochilos” meaning “small bird.” This is an apt descriptor for the tiny size of hummingbirds, which are the smallest birds found in the world today. The largest hummingbird species have body lengths of 8-9 inches, while the smallest measure just 2-3 inches long. Yet despite their diminutive stature, hummingbirds have very high metabolic rates and brilliantly colored, iridescent plumage.
Distinguishing Features of Trochilidae
There are several key features which distinguish Trochilidae hummingbirds from other types of birds:
– Small size and rapid wing-flapping – Hummingbirds have wings that beat up to 80 times per second, allowing them to hover in place while drinking nectar. This is unique among birds.
– Specialized beaks – Long, slender beaks allow hummingbirds to retrieve nectar from flowers. Their tongues have forked tips to lap up nectar.
– Iridescent plumage – Many hummingbird species have brilliant, metallic coloring on their feathers. This iridescence is created by light refraction.
– High metabolism – Hummingbirds have very fast metabolic rates to power their constant motion. They eat up to twice their body weight in nectar each day.
– Migratory habits – Most hummingbirds migrate annually to avoid cold winters. Their excellent flight skills allow them to cross oceans or deserts during migration.
These shared characteristics clearly differentiate Trochilidae hummingbirds from all other types of birds, such as passerines, birds of prey, waterfowl, and so on. Taxonomists recognize Trochilidae as a cohesive family based on both anatomical studies and genetic analysis.
Classification Within Trochilidae
While all hummingbirds belong to the family Trochilidae, there are further divisions within this group that allow us to classify different hummingbird species and genera. Modern taxonomic methods utilize both morphological studies and genetic sequencing to categorize Trochilidae into subgroups. Some key groupings include:
– Hermits – These solitary hummingbirds live in forests and have decurved bills. Genera include Phaethornis (hermits) and Eutoxeres (sicklebills).
– Mangos – Tropical species with curved bills. Genera include Anthracothorax (mangos) and Eulampis (caribs).
– Coquettes – Tiny hummingbirds with colorful markings and ornamental feathers. Genera include Lophornis and Discosura.
– Patagona – Large hummingbirds of South America, with straight bills. The genera contains just one species, the Giant Hummingbird.
– Mountain Gems – Iridescent hummingbirds found at high elevations. Genera include Lampornis and Eugenes.
– Bees – Medium sized, iridescent hummingbirds that resemble bees. Genera include Mellisuga and Calypte.
– Emeralds – Widespread, brightly colored hummingbirds of North and Central America. Genera include Chlorostilbon, Amazilia, and Cynanthus.
This subclassification allows scientists to better understand the evolutionary relationships and adaptations found in different hummingbird groups. Additional species are still being discovered and classified within Trochilidae.
The Genus Name for Hummingbirds
Within the family Trochilidae, most hummingbird species belong to the diverse genus Archilocus. There are over 125 species in this genus, making it the largest grouping within the hummingbird family.
The genus name Archilocus means “ruler of flowers.” This poetic name refers to the hummingbird’s role as a pollinator, flitting from flower to flower to feed on nectar. The different Archilocus species have evolved to pollinate the flowering plants in their particular habitats.
Some well-known Archilocus hummingbird species include:
– Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilocus colubris) – Common in eastern North America
– Anna’s Hummingbird (Archilocus anna) – Found along the Pacific Coast
– Rufous Hummingbird (Archilocus rufus) – Breeds in northwestern North America
– Allen’s Hummingbird (Archilocus sasin) – Native to the California coast
– Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Archilocus aurulentus) – Native to Texas and Mexico
– Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Archilocus platycercus) – Common in the Rocky Mountains
The shared characteristics of these and other Archilocus species include small size, iridescent plumage, rapid wing beats, and specialized feeding behaviors to gather floral nectar. The genus encompasses a diverse array of species found throughout the Americas.
The Species Name
In scientific nomenclature, each individual hummingbird species also has a unique binomial (two-word) species name. This allows us to distinguish between very closely related species that may look nearly identical.
For example, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird found in eastern North America has the formal name Archilocus colubris. The species name “colubris” is derived from the Latin term for “snake” and refers to the ruby-red color of the male’s throat, which resembles a snake’s throat.
Meanwhile, the Anna’s Hummingbird found along the west coast is named Archilocus anna. The “anna” species name honors Anna Massena, Duchess of Rivoli, who was a patron of early 19th century ornithologists.
Other examples include:
– Archilocus rufus (Rufous Hummingbird)
– Archilocus calliope (Calliope Hummingbird)
– Archilocus alexandri (Black-chinned Hummingbird)
– Archilocus heloisa (Banded Violet-ear)
– Archilocus tobaci (White-vented Violetear)
In this way, each species is given a unique binominal name that allows it to be distinguished from even extremely similar hummingbird species within the same genus. The species name identifies defining characteristics of that particular hummingbird.
Conclusion
In summary, the scientific name for hummingbirds identifies their membership in the exclusive Family Trochilidae, containing over 300 species of theseunique nectar-feeding birds. Most hummingbird species belong to the diverse genus Archilocus, and each is given a specific species name based on distinctive traits. Scientific names allow precise communication about organisms using Latinized terminology that is consistent worldwide. For hummingbird enthusiasts, learning the binomial names along with common names can enhance knowledge and appreciation of these captivating birds. Whether called by common names like ruby-throat, rufous, or buff-bellied, all hummingbirds remain fascinating members of the Trochilidae.
| Scientific Name Level | Hummingbird Name Example |
|---|---|
| Family | Trochilidae |
| Genus | Archilocus |
| Species | Archilocus colubris (Ruby-throated Hummingbird) |